TurnBench

A multi-domain benchmark for evaluating conversational turn-taking. We hand-annotate end-of-turn and interruption events in dual-channel human conversations, and measure how accurately and how quickly models detect them.

speaker 1speaker 2mid-turn pauseEnd-of-turnInterruptionbackchannelstime →

Leaderboard

Models evaluated against TurnBench's held-out test set, ranked by recall. The ideal model is capable of high recall while maintaining a low false-positive rate and low latency.

#ModelRecall FPR Latency
1Voice Activity Projection0.8450.055368 ms
2ESPnet Turntaking0.8260.078862 ms
3WavLM Large Anchor0.8000.0541076 ms
4Mimi Endpointer0.7820.078645 ms
5Kyutai Semantic VAD0.7730.0591007 ms
6Smart Turn v30.7520.0471017 ms
7ESPnet Turntaking Perchannel0.7110.081730 ms
8Gemini 3.1 Live0.6570.0221234 ms
9WavLM Large Causal0.4080.054683 ms
10WavLM Base Causal0.4030.061701 ms
11OpenAI Realtime (Semantic VAD)0.3030.018793 ms
12Moshi0.2330.044702 ms
13OpenAI Realtime (Server VAD)0.9550.525282 ms
14RMS Energy VAD0.7180.632-117 ms
Recall:
share of true events detected (higher is better).
FPR:
false-positive rate on test (lower is better); above 0.15 does not qualify.
Latency:
median delay after the event, p50 in ms (lower is better).

Dataset

TurnBench evaluates models on a 30-hour corpus of studio-recorded, dual-channel dyadic speech. The corpus is provided by Mundo AI and features 154 dialogues, 106 actors, and is balanced across 6 conversation types1. It is also split evenly between clean and noisy recording conditions. Every dialogue is labeled by three independent annotators (Fleiss's κ = 0.76) where the ground truth label is derived from 2/3 consensus.

Additionally, we include a training dataset, hand-labeled under the same protocol as the evaluation set and release it alongside the benchmark. All three splits are available on Hugging Face.

train
104 hotoSpeech
collected by Oto
audio + annotations
dev
7.3 hturn-benchmark-dev
collected by Mundo AI
audio + annotations
test
22.9 hturn-benchmark-test
collected by Mundo AI
audio only

Evaluation

Per conversation, TurnBench requires models to output a discrete list of times2 for the following events:

End-of-turn
When a speaker has finished speaking and the floor is open for the other speaker to take.FP: declaring end-of-turn during a mid-turn pause.
Interruption
When a speaker takes the floor while the other is still talking.FP: declaring an interruption during a backchannel or because of noise, channel bleed, or echo.